The design, development, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It is the principle device for itagpro device sample recognition, monitoring, and identification of charged particles within the ALICE experiment on the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a volume close to ninety m three and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic area parallel to its axis. On this paper we describe intimately the design concerns for this detector for operation in the extreme multiplicity environment of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC vitality. The implementation of the resulting necessities into hardware (discipline cage, iTagPro shop learn-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gasoline and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and iTagPro product software program led to many technical innovations which are described together with a presentation of all the major iTagPro product components of the detector, as currently realized. We additionally report on the performance achieved after completion of the first round of stand-alone calibration runs and display outcomes close to those specified within the TPC Technical Design Report.
ALICE ‘central barrel’, for monitoring of charged particles and particle identification. The primary purpose of the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a middle-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The ensuing detector choice was a big-quantity TPC with overall ‘conventional’ lay-out but with almost all different design parameters past the state-of-the-art. This manuscript describes in detail the ensuing detector ItagPro and outlines the path from design considerations to building and iTagPro product commissioning. In define the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic subject. The detector is full of a counting gasoline consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric strain. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the fuel. The ionization electrons drift, below the influence of the electric discipline, to the endplates of the cylinder, the place their arrival level within the cylinder airplane is precisely measured.
The ALICE set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for the determination of the first and secondary vertices and precision monitoring of low-momentum particles. On the outside the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array offers pion, kaon, and proton identification. As well as, there are three single-arm detectors: the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), iTagPro product the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for prime-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet previously utilized by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling approach. The strategy to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small test setup and is described in Refs. Basically, iTagPro product it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs could be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops a number of levels under the specified TPC working fuel temperature. Furthermore, itagpro device it was shown that the body cooling loops are required to ascertain stable equilibrium values of the gas working temperature. The reaction of the leakless plant to the sudden appearance of a significant leak, e.g. the inadvertent removal of a silicon hose with water circulation on, has been examined employing specifically made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have approximately the identical properties as an actual sector when it comes to silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the pressure distribution of the water is similar to a real sector. 0.7, as the result of an optimization course of, however can be a subject of further investigation. Figure eighty one reveals the TPC signal of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, from 8.Three million events.
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